第137回 NINJALコロキウム
"Lexical Typology and Cognitive Semantics: Extended Uses of Temperature Terms"

開催期日
2023年10月3日 (火) 15:10~17:10
開催場所
対面とオンラインのどちらでも参加できる、ハイブリッド形式で開催
  • 国立国語研究所 多目的室 (東京都立川市緑町10-2)  交通案内
  • オンライン (Web会議サービスの「Zoom」を使用)
参加申し込み

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いただいた個人情報は、個人情報保護ポリシーに則り厳正に取り扱います。
講師
Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (Professor, Stockholm University (Sweden) )

講演は英語で行います

専門領域
Semantically oriented typology (grammatical, lexical, areal), cf. www.ling.su.se/tamm
主要業績
  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M., 1993. Nominalizations. Routledge (London/New York), Croom Helm.
  • Dahl, Ö. & M. Koptjevskaja-Tamm (eds.), 2001. The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact, v.1 - 2. Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing company.
  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. (ed.), 2015. The linguistics of temperature. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.107)
  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M., A. Schapper & F. Ameka (eds.) 2022. Areal typology of lexical semantics. A special issue of Linguistic Typology, 26 (2)
講演主旨

Metaphoric and metonymic processes are a central concern of cognitive semantics (e.g., Geeraerts & Cuyckens 2007, Dąbrowska & Divjak 2015), but this field has on the whole operated with a limited number of languages. In fact, very few of the allegedly “universal” metaphors have been subject to systematic large-scale cross-linguistic comparison (some rare exceptions include THINKING AS PERCEIVING, cf. Sweetser 1900, Evans & Wilkins 2000, Vanhove 2008, Georgakopoulos et al. 2022, and INSTRUMENT AS COMPANION, Stolz et al. 2006). There are serious methodological reasons behind this. A central issue in systematic cross-linguistic or typological comparison, which is dependent on comparable data from different languages, is cross-linguistic identification of phenomena. This, in turn, presupposes a rigorous procedure that ensures we compare like with like. This is, however, difficult to achieve with Conceptual Metaphor Theory’s insistence on metaphors as more general conceptual associations that do not boil down to individual metaphorical uses or linguistic convention, but can manifest themselves in many different ways. To quote Gibbs (2015:183), “cognitive linguists, and others, should articulate criteria for identifying metaphoric patterns in language and inferring specific conceptual metaphors from discourse. These procedures should be specified with sufficient detail so that other researchers can possibly replicate the analysis and emerge with similar conclusions”. Translated into the methodology of systematic cross-linguistic research, this means that we can only test the extent to which some concrete manifestation of metaphor rather than the conceptual metaphor as a whole is found across languages of the world, is very rare, or shows areal and or genetic preferences.

This talk will focus on extended uses of temperature terms (such as warm, hot, cold, cool), i.e., their uses outside of the temperature domain proper, including uses that are commonly viewed as metaphors (Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2015, Koptjevskaja-Tamm & Nikolaev 2021). These include examples of famous metaphors applying to warming temperatures such as AFFECTION IS WARMTH, e.g., warm words, and ANGER IS HEAT, e.g., hot temperament (Lakoff & Johnson 1999, Grady 1997, Kövecses 2003, etc.), but also others, applying to warming and cooling temperatures, e.g., PEACE IS COOLNESS, as in e-naa jɔ ‘his-mouth (is) cold’ = ‘He is able to create peace always’ in Ga (a Kwa language spoken in Ghana) (see also Shaefer 2015). We will look at the areal and genetic patterns in such uses and at their absence across a sample of about 100 languages from all around the world, and discuss to what extent the findings provide evidence for vs. against the allegedly universal conceptual metaphors AFFECTION IS WARMTH (whose linguistic manifestations show a surprisingly limited areal and genetic distribution) and ANGER IS HEAT (whose linguistic manifestations are much more frequent). The study demonstrates once again the dramatic influence of the Anglocentric, Standard Average European, and WEIRD perspective on many of the central concepts and conclusions in linguistics, psychology and cognitive research, and emphasizes the necessity to bring in linguistic diversity into this research (cf. Piirainen & Sherris 2015, Wnuk & Ito 2021, Blasi et al. 2022).

References

  • Blasi, Damián E., Joseph Henrich, Evangelia Adamou, David Kemmerer, & Asifa Majid 2022. Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26 (12): 1153-1170,
  • Dąbrowska, E. & D. Divjak (eds.) 2015, Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Sciences (HSK), 39, Berlin – New York: de Gruyter Mouton.
  • Evans, Nicholas & David P. Wilkins 2000. In the mind’s ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in Australian languages. Language 76: 546–592.
  • Geeraerts, Dirk & Hubert Cuyckens (eds.) 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Georgakopoulos, Thanasis, Grossman, Eitan, Nikolaev, Dmitry and Polis, Stéphane 2022. "Universal and macro-areal patterns in the lexicon: A case-study in the perception-cognition domain" Linguistic Typology, 26 (2): 439-487.
  • Gibbs, Raymond W. (2015). Metaphor. In Dąbrowska, E. & D. Divjak (eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, 167-189. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Grady, Joseph E. (1997). Foundations of meaning: Primary metaphors and primary scenes [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (ed.) 2015. The linguistics of temperature. Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria & Dmitrij Nikolaev, D., 2021. Talking About Temperature and Social Thermoregulation in the Languages of the World. International Review of Social Psychology, 34(1): 22.
  • Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson 1999 Philosophy in the Flesh. New York: Basic Books.
  • Kövecses, Zoltán 2003. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling‬. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Piirainen, Elisabeth & Ari Sherris. Language endangerment: disappearing metaphors and shifting conceptualizations. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Schaefer, Paul 2015. Hot eyes, white stomach. Emotions and character qualities in Safaliba metaphor. In Piirainen & Sherris (eds.), 91-110
  • Stolz, Thomas, Stroh, Cornelia & Aina Urdze 2006. On Comitatives and Related Categories A Typological Study with Special Focus on the Languages of Europe. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
  • Sweetser, Eve 1990 From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Vanhove, Martine 2008 Semantic associations between sensory modalities, prehension and mental perceptions: A crosslinguistic perspective. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), From polysemy to semantic change, 342–370. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Wnuk, Ewelina and Ito, Yuma 2021. "The heart’s downward path to happiness: cross-cultural diversity in spatial metaphors of affect". Cognitive Linguistics, 32 (2): 195-218.

キーワード
講演会、オンライン開催、NINJALコロキウム、Lexicon and semantics, Lexical typology, Temperature, Cognitive linguistics, Extended uses
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