大学共同利用機関法人 人間文化研究機構 国立国語研究所

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• "Nominalization Hierarchy and Gender Marking: Evidence from Minor Dravidian Languages"
• Niranjan Uppoor (Department of Linguistics and Tribal Languages, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar—799022, West Tripura District, Tripura State, India)
• This talk presents evidence from some minor Dravidian languages including Arebase, Beary, Koraga, and Tulu in favour of the two-dimensional structural and functional hierarchy of nominalization (Shibatani 2023 among others). In the nominalization theory proposed by Shibatani and his colleagues, gender markers are analysed as nominalizers that derive nouns from various other categories such as numerals, demonstratives, genitives, adjectives, and verbs. The derivational process is argued to follow the hierarchy of [numeral> demonstratives> genitives> adjectives> verbs] such that any use of the nominalizing devices on the right-hand side of the cline implies obligatory use of the nominalizing devices on the items that are on the left-hand side of the cline. Further, the hierarchy argues that the use of nominalizing devices originates in the NP-uses or the head uses, as in the Kannada (Dravidian) ibbaru bandaru|two-nmlz came|‘Two (boys) came’ and spread to the modification-uses, as in the Kannada ibbaru huḍugaru bandaru|two-nmlz boys came|‘Two boys came’. The data from Arebase, Beary, Koraga, and Tulu reported here is an outcome of various fieldworks conducted in the coastal Karnataka wherein these languages are spoken. In the context of the NP-use, Arebase, Beary, Koraga, and Tulu obligatorily mark the gender on all the items of the hierarchy. This is in line with the distribution observed in the major Dravidian languages, namely, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu. In the context of the modification-use, Arebase, Beary, Koraga, and Tulu mark the gender on the numerals. This is also in line with the distribution observed in the major Dravidian languages. Further, the fieldwork data presents instances of gender marking on the demonstratives in the modification-use in Arebase, Koraga, and Tulu. This is not attested in such other Dravidian languages as Beary, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu. Overall, the data from these various Dravidian languages support the two-dimensional hierarchy of nominalization. Whether the instances of gender marking on the demonstratives in the modification-use in Arebase, Koraga, and Tulu are innovations or not is a matter of future research.
• References:
  Prashant Pardeshi, Gitanjali Bez, Niranjan Uppoor and Masayoshi Shibatani. 2023. Gender and Classifier Markings in South Asian Languages: A Nominalization Perspective. Talk delivered at the 37th South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, Department of Asian and North African Studies, University of Venice, Paris, 4-7 October 2023.
  Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2023. Towards dynamic functional typology: Classifiers, genders, and nominalization. Historical Linguistics in Japan 12. 1–52.
  Uppoor, Niranjan. 2022. Gender marking in Kannada and other Dravidian languages: A nominalization perspective. Talk delivered at the University of Tokyo in September 2022.

• "On the Distribution and Function of Classifier and Gender Marking in Marathi with Side Glances at a Few Indo-Aryan Languages: A Nominalization Perspective"
• Prashant PARDESHI (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Tokyo, Japan and Japanese Language Sciences, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Japan)
• In previous studies, classifier and gender marking are treated as distinct and unrelated phenomena. In this talk I will focus on the classifier and gender marking in Marathi (Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Maharashtra state, India) and (i) describe the distribution of gender marking and classifier in Marathi with side glances at a few Indo-Aryan languages, (ii) offer a unified account of the classifier and gender marking couched in the nominalization framework proposed in Shibatani (2019, 2021) arguing that the function of classifier and/or gender markers (M/F/N) is to nominalize the structures marked by them, viz. numerals, demonstratives, genitives, adjectives and so-called relative clauses and at the same time classify them to specific nominal classes defined by the classifier and/or gender markers, and (iii) discuss theoretical implications of the distribution of classifier and gender marking in Marathi (and a few Indo-Aryan languages). Concretely speaking, I will argue that “head deletion” analysis fails to explain the distribution of classifier in Marathi and lends support to Shibatani’s nominalization framework (2019, 2021), which takes the NP-use as it starting point and derives modification use by the addition of head noun to it. Further, I will propose a speculative hypothesis regarding the path of loss of gender marking and acquisition of classifier marking in the languages where they co-exist.
• Selected references:
  Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2017. Nominalization. In Masayoshi Shibatani, Shigeru Miyaga, and Hisashi Noda (eds.). Handbook of Japanese Syntax. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 271-332.
  https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614516613-009
  Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2018. Nominalization in Crosslinguistic Perspective. In Prashant Pardeshi and Taro Kageyama (eds.) Handbook of Japanese Contrastive Linguistics. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 345-410.
  https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514077-013
  Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2019. What Is Nominalization? Towards the Theoretical Foundations of Nominalization. In R. Zariquiey, M. Shibatani, and D.W. Fleck, (eds) Nominalization in languages of the Americas. 15–167.
  https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.124.02shi
  Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2023. Towards dynamic functional typology: Classifiers, genders, and nominalization. Historical Linguistics in Japan 12. 1–52.
  Pardeshi Prashant and Masayoshi Shibatani (2023) Marathi relative and complement clauses in nominalization perspective. In Rajesh Kumar and Om Prakash (eds.) Language Studies in India- Cognition, Structure, Variation. Singapore: Springer Nature. Pp: 321-352.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5276-0_19